Barley, a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago.

A popcorn kernel's strong hull contains the seed's hard, starchy endosperm with 14–20% moisture, which turns to steam as the kernel is heated. Pressure from the steam continues to build until the hull ruptures, allowing the kernel to forcefully expand from 20 to 50 times its original size—and finally, cool.

Wheat is a grass widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain which is a worldwidestaple food.The many species of wheat together make up the genus Triticum; the mostwidely grown is common wheat (T. aestivum). The archaeological record suggests thatwheat was first cultivated in the regions of the Fertile Crescent around 9600 BCE.Botanically, the wheat kernel is a type of fruit called a caryopsis.

Sugar is the generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food. The various types of sugar are derived from different sources. Simple sugars are called monosaccharides and include glucose (also known as dextrose), fructose, and galactose. "Table sugar" or "granulated sugar" refers to sucrose, a disaccharide of glucose and fructose. In the body, sucrose is hydrolysed into fructose and glucose.